विधियों की तुलना करें

	महामारी विज्ञान अध्ययन केंद्र अवसाद पैमाना (CES-D)	अवसाद चिंता तनाव स्केल-21 (DASS-21)	हैमिल्टन एंग्जायटी रेटिंग स्केल (HAM-A)
क्षेत्र	नैदानिक मनोविज्ञान	नैदानिक मनोविज्ञान	नैदानिक मनोविज्ञान
परिवार	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
उद्भव वर्ष	1977	1995	1959
प्रवर्तक	Lenore Sawyer Radloff	Stephen H. Lovibond and Peter F. Lovibond	Max Hamilton
प्रकार	Community-based depression assessment	Three-dimensional mental health screening	Clinician-administered anxiety assessment
मौलिक स्रोत	Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.	Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Psychology Foundation of Australia.	Hamilton, M. (1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 32(1), 50-55.
उपनाम	CES-D, CESD	DASS-21, DASS, DASS-42	HAM-A, HARS
संबंधित	5	5	5
सारांश	The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely used measure in public health, aging research, and longitudinal cohort studies worldwide.	The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) is a 21-item self-report instrument measuring three correlated but distinct dimensions of psychological distress: depression, anxiety, and stress. Developed by Lovibond and Lovibond in 1995, the DASS-21 is a short form of the original 42-item DASS. It has become widely used in research and clinical settings for its brevity, multidimensional structure, and strong psychometric properties.	The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) is a clinician-administered assessment tool for quantifying the severity of anxiety symptoms in adults. Developed by Max Hamilton in 1959, it remains one of the most widely used instruments for evaluating anxiety in clinical and research settings. The scale measures both psychological and somatic manifestations of anxiety across 14 items.