השוואת שיטות

	סולם הבדידות של UCLA	שאלון האמפתיה של טורונטו
תחום	פסיכולוגיה חברתית	פסיכולוגיה חברתית
משפחה	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
שנת המקור	1978	2009
הוגה השיטה	Daniel Russell	Randy Spreng, Mary McKinnon, Raymond Mar, and Brian Levine
סוג	Subjective loneliness assessment scale	Empathic ability and emotional responsiveness measure
מקור מכונן	Russell, D. W. (1996). UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20–40.	Spreng, R. N., McKinnon, M. C., Mar, R. A., & Levine, B. (2009). The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: Scale development and initial validation of a factor-analytic solution to multiple empathy measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(1), 62–71.
כינויים	UCLA LS, UCLA Loneliness Scale, Russell Loneliness Scale	TEQ, Toronto Empathy Scale
קשורות	3	3
תקציר	The UCLA Loneliness Scale is a widely used instrument for measuring subjective feelings of loneliness and social isolation. Developed by Daniel Russell in the late 1970s, the scale measures the discrepancy between desired and actual social relationships. The UCLA LS has become the gold standard in loneliness research and is used across clinical, epidemiological, and social psychology studies worldwide.	The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ) is a 16-item self-report measure of empathic ability and emotional responsiveness to others' emotions. Developed by Randy Spreng and colleagues in 2009, the TEQ captures affective empathy—the capacity to feel and share another person's emotions—rather than cognitive perspective-taking. The scale has become widely used in social, clinical, and neuroscience research examining individual differences in emotional empathy and its correlates with mental health, prosocial behavior, and brain structure.