השוואת שיטות

	מודל לוגיסטי דו-פרמטרי (2PL) בתורת תגובת הפריט (IRT)	ניתוח גורמים מאשר	אלפא של קרונבך (ניתוח מהימנות)	מהימנות בין שופטים (מקדם קאפה של כהן ומקדם המתאם התוך-קבוצתי)
תחום	פסיכומטריה	פסיכומטריה	סטטיסטיקה	פסיכומטריה
משפחה	Latent structure	Latent structure	Latent structure	Latent structure
שנת המקור	1980	1969	1951	1960 (kappa); 1979 (ICC)
הוגה השיטה	Frederic M. Lord	Karl Jöreskog	Lee J. Cronbach	Cohen (kappa, 1960); Shrout & Fleiss (ICC, 1979)
סוג	Item response model / latent trait model	Measurement model / latent variable analysis	Reliability / internal consistency coefficient	Reliability / agreement analysis
מקור מכונן	Lord, F. M. (1980). Applications of Item Response Theory to Practical Testing Problems. Erlbaum.	Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research (2nd ed.). Guilford Press. ISBN: 978-1462515363	Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334.	Cohen, J. (1960). A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37–46.
כינויים	two-parameter logistic model, 2PL model, 2PL IRT — İki Parametreli Madde Tepki Modeli	Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi — Ölçek Doğrulama (CFA), confirmatory factor analysis, measurement model testing	coefficient alpha, alpha reliability, internal consistency reliability, Güvenilirlik Analizi (Cronbach Alpha)	inter-rater reliability, interrater agreement, rater agreement, Değerlendiriciler Arası Güvenilirlik (Cohen's κ, ICC)
קשורות	6	6	4	6
תקציר	The two-parameter logistic item response model, formalised by Frederic Lord (1980), describes the probability that a respondent answers a binary test item correctly as a smooth S-shaped function of the respondent's latent ability. By estimating a separate discrimination parameter for each item alongside a difficulty parameter, 2PL allows items to differ in how sharply they distinguish high- from low-ability respondents — making it the standard model for large-scale educational and psychological assessments.	Confirmatory factor analysis is a measurement modelling technique that tests whether a hypothesised factor structure — typically derived from theory or an earlier exploratory analysis — fits observed data from a new sample. Developed by Karl Jöreskog in 1969, it became the dominant tool for validating psychological scales because it requires the researcher to specify in advance which items belong to which latent factor and then assesses the adequacy of that specification against explicit statistical fit criteria.	Cronbach's alpha is a coefficient of internal consistency that quantifies the degree to which a set of items on a scale measures the same underlying construct. Introduced by Lee J. Cronbach in 1951, it remains the most widely reported reliability index in social-science, health, and educational research.	Interrater reliability quantifies the degree to which two or more independent raters produce consistent scores when evaluating the same individuals or products. The family encompasses Cohen's kappa, introduced in 1960 for categorical judgments, and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) for continuous ratings, together spanning most measurement scenarios encountered in behavioral, health, and educational research.