השוואת שיטות

	שיקום קרקע	ספציאציה של מתכות כבדות
תחום	הנדסה סביבתית	הנדסה סביבתית
משפחה	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
שנת המקור	1983	1979
הוגה השיטה	EPA and state environmental agencies	Tessier and hydrogeochemists
סוג	technology selection and design pipeline	analytical and geochemical modeling pipeline
מקור מכונן	Twardowska, I., Allen, H. E., Häggblom, M. M., & Stefaniak, S. (Eds.). (2004). Soil and Water Pollution Monitoring, Protection and Remediation (3rd ed.). Springer. ISBN: 978-1402003349	Tessier, A., Campbell, P. G. C., & Bisson, M. (1979). Sequential Extraction Procedure for the Speciation of Particulate Trace Metals. Analytical Chemistry, 51(7), 844–851.
כינויים	soil cleanup, contaminated land treatment, remedial technologies, soil restoration	metal speciation, metal partitioning, bioavailability assessment, speciation analysis
קשורות	3	3
תקציר	Soil remediation encompasses a suite of technologies and strategies to treat contaminated soil at sites with elevated levels of organic compounds, heavy metals, radionuclides, or other hazardous substances. Systematized by the US EPA in the 1980s following industrial accidents and legacy contamination discoveries, soil remediation methods range from in situ (biological, chemical, thermal) to ex situ (excavation, treatment, off-site disposal) approaches. The selection process integrates site characterization, contaminant bioavailability, regulatory risk thresholds, and cost-benefit analysis.	Heavy metal speciation is the analytical and geochemical determination of the chemical forms (species) and partitioning of toxic metals (lead, cadmium, chromium, zinc, copper) in soil, sediment, and water. Metal bioavailability—the fraction accessible to organisms—depends critically on speciation: metal bound to soil organic matter or iron oxides is immobile and non-bioavailable; dissolved or exchangeable metal is highly bioavailable and toxic. Speciation assessment informs remediation design, risk assessment, and contaminant fate prediction.