השוואת שיטות

	התאמת ציון הנטייה במחקר חינוכי	הפרש-בהפרשים (דיד)
תחום	הסקה סיבתית	אקונומטריקה
משפחה	Regression model	Regression model
שנת המקור	1983 (foundational); education adoption widespread from late 1990s	1994
הוגה השיטה	Rosenbaum & Rubin (1983); widely adopted in education research via Shadish, Cook & Campbell (2002)	Card & Krueger (canonical 1994 application); Angrist & Pischke (textbook treatment)
סוג	Quasi-experimental / matching-based causal inference	Causal inference / panel regression
מקור מכונן	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41-55.	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton University Press. ISBN: 978-0691120355
כינויים	PSM in education, educational PSM, PSM for program evaluation in schools, propensity matching education	diff-in-diff, DiD, Farkların Farkı (Diff-in-Diff)
קשורות	5	5
תקציר	Propensity Score Matching (PSM) in education research is a quasi-experimental technique that creates comparable treatment and control groups from observational student, teacher, or school data. By balancing groups on observed background characteristics, it enables credible causal estimates of educational interventions — such as tutoring programs, school choice policies, or teacher professional development — when random assignment is infeasible.	Difference-in-Differences is a causal-inference method that estimates the effect of an intervention by comparing how a treatment group and a control group change over time. Made famous by Card and Krueger's 1994 minimum-wage study and developed in Angrist and Pischke's Mostly Harmless Econometrics, it isolates the treatment effect as the difference between the two groups' before-after changes.