השוואת שיטות

	לוח רגש חיובי ושלילי (PANAS)	סולם הדיכאון של המרכז לבקרת מחלות אפידמיולוגיות (CES-D)	מדדי דיכאון, חרדה ולחץ-21 (DASS-21)	סולם המילטון להערכת חרדה (HAM-A)
תחום	פסיכולוגיה קלינית	פסיכולוגיה קלינית	פסיכולוגיה קלינית	פסיכולוגיה קלינית
משפחה	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
שנת המקור	1988	1977	1995	1959
הוגה השיטה	David Watson, Lee Anna Clark, and Auke Tellegen	Lenore Sawyer Radloff	Stephen H. Lovibond and Peter F. Lovibond	Max Hamilton
סוג	Mood and affect self-assessment	Community-based depression assessment	Three-dimensional mental health screening	Clinician-administered anxiety assessment
מקור מכונן	Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.	Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.	Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Psychology Foundation of Australia.	Hamilton, M. (1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 32(1), 50-55.
כינויים	PANAS, PANAS-X	CES-D, CESD	DASS-21, DASS, DASS-42	HAM-A, HARS
קשורות	5	5	5	5
תקציר	The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a brief, efficient self-report measure of mood and emotional affect. Developed by Watson, Clark, and Tellegen in 1988, it assesses two independent dimensions: positive affect (enthusiasm, attentiveness, interest) and negative affect (distress, anxiety, anger). The 20-item standard version is one of the most widely used instruments for measuring emotion in research and clinical contexts.	The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely used measure in public health, aging research, and longitudinal cohort studies worldwide.	The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) is a 21-item self-report instrument measuring three correlated but distinct dimensions of psychological distress: depression, anxiety, and stress. Developed by Lovibond and Lovibond in 1995, the DASS-21 is a short form of the original 42-item DASS. It has become widely used in research and clinical settings for its brevity, multidimensional structure, and strong psychometric properties.	The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) is a clinician-administered assessment tool for quantifying the severity of anxiety symptoms in adults. Developed by Max Hamilton in 1959, it remains one of the most widely used instruments for evaluating anxiety in clinical and research settings. The scale measures both psychological and somatic manifestations of anxiety across 14 items.