השוואת שיטות

	Need for Closure Scale	Motivated Reasoning Experiment
תחום	פסיכולוגיה פוליטית	פסיכולוגיה פוליטית
משפחה	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
שנת המקור	1994	2006
הוגה השיטה	Donna M. Webster & Arie W. Kruglanski	Charles Taber & Milton Lodge
סוג	Self-report individual-difference scale	Survey/lab experiment
מקור מכונן	Webster, D. M., & Kruglanski, A. W. (1994). Individual differences in need for cognitive closure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1049-1062.	Taber, C. S., & Lodge, M. (2006). Motivated skepticism in the evaluation of political beliefs. American Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 755-769.
כינויים	NFCS, Need for Cognitive Closure Scale, Webster-Kruglanski Scale	Directional Motivated Reasoning Study, Biased Assimilation Experiment, Disconfirmation Bias Paradigm
קשורות	4	4
תקציר	The Need for Cognitive Closure Scale, developed by Webster and Kruglanski (1994), measures a stable individual difference in the desire for a firm, definite answer to a question and an aversion to ambiguity and uncertainty. High need for closure is a key epistemic-motivation construct in political psychology, linked to conservatism, prejudice, intolerance of dissent, and resistance to belief change.	A motivated reasoning experiment tests whether people process political information to reach conclusions they are directionally motivated to hold rather than the most accurate ones. Building on Kunda's (1990) theory and crystallized by Taber and Lodge (2006), these designs expose partisans to attitude-congruent and incongruent arguments and measure biased assimilation, disconfirmation bias, attitude polarization, and selective exposure.