השוואת שיטות

	Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix	Psychological Empowerment Scale
תחום	התנהגות ארגונית	התנהגות ארגונית
משפחה	Process / pipeline	Latent structure
שנת המקור	1959	1995
הוגה השיטה	Donald T. Campbell & Donald W. Fiske; Keith F. Widaman	Gretchen M. Spreitzer; Kenneth W. Thomas & Betty A. Velthouse
סוג	Construct-validation matrix and covariance-structure modeling pipeline	Multidimensional latent-construct measurement model
מקור מכונן	Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56(2), 81-105.	Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442-1465.
כינויים	MTMM, Multitrait-Multimethod Analysis, Campbell-Fiske Matrix, CFA-MTMM	Spreitzer Empowerment Scale, Psychological Empowerment in the Workplace, Four-Dimensional Empowerment Measure, Workplace Psychological Empowerment
קשורות	3	3
תקציר	The multitrait-multimethod matrix is the classic framework for establishing construct validity by measuring several traits with several methods and examining the resulting pattern of correlations. Donald Campbell and Donald Fiske introduced it in 1959, arguing that validating a construct requires showing both convergent validity — different methods of measuring the same trait agree — and discriminant validity — measures of different traits diverge even when they share a method. The matrix lays out every correlation among trait-method combinations so that these patterns can be read off systematically, while also exposing method variance, the tendency of measures sharing a method to correlate for the wrong reasons. Campbell and Fiske's original criteria were inspectional rules of thumb; Keith Widaman's 1985 work recast the matrix as a family of nested confirmatory factor models, providing formal significance tests for convergent validity, discriminant validity, and method variance. The MTMM matrix remains a foundational tool for asking whether a measure captures the construct it claims to.	The Psychological Empowerment Scale is Gretchen Spreitzer's measure of empowerment as an internal motivational state, defined by four cognitions: meaning, competence, self-determination, and impact. It operationalizes the interpretive model of Thomas and Velthouse, who in 1990 recast empowerment not as a managerial act of delegating power but as intrinsic task motivation reflected in how workers experience their roles. Spreitzer's 1995 Academy of Management Journal paper developed and validated a multidimensional scale, using confirmatory factor analysis across two samples to show that the four dimensions combine into a higher-order empowerment construct. She then situated empowerment in a nomological network of antecedents and consequences, linking it to managerial effectiveness and innovative behavior. The scale gave the field a concise, validated instrument and established psychological empowerment as a measurable state distinct from structural or relational notions of empowerment.