השוואת שיטות

	הערכת השפעה סביבתית	ספציאציה של מתכות כבדות	שיקום קרקע
תחום	הנדסה סביבתית	הנדסה סביבתית	הנדסה סביבתית
משפחה	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
שנת המקור	1970	1979	1983
הוגה השיטה	U.S. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)	Tessier and hydrogeochemists	EPA and state environmental agencies
סוג	systematic assessment and decision-support pipeline	analytical and geochemical modeling pipeline	technology selection and design pipeline
מקור מכונן	Glasson, J., Therivel, R., & Chadwick, A. (2005). Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment (3rd ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-0415303910	Tessier, A., Campbell, P. G. C., & Bisson, M. (1979). Sequential Extraction Procedure for the Speciation of Particulate Trace Metals. Analytical Chemistry, 51(7), 844–851.	Twardowska, I., Allen, H. E., Häggblom, M. M., & Stefaniak, S. (Eds.). (2004). Soil and Water Pollution Monitoring, Protection and Remediation (3rd ed.). Springer. ISBN: 978-1402003349
כינויים	EIA, impact assessment, environmental screening, cumulative effects assessment	metal speciation, metal partitioning, bioavailability assessment, speciation analysis	soil cleanup, contaminated land treatment, remedial technologies, soil restoration
קשורות	4	3	3
תקציר	Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a systematic, structured process to identify, predict, and evaluate the environmental and social consequences of proposed development projects (infrastructure, extraction, manufacturing) before implementation. Mandated by law in most jurisdictions since the 1970s (NEPA in USA, EU Directive 2011/92/EU), EIA integrates scientific analysis of air quality, water resources, biodiversity, noise, and socioeconomic effects with stakeholder consultation and decision-making frameworks to inform project approval, design modification, or rejection.	Heavy metal speciation is the analytical and geochemical determination of the chemical forms (species) and partitioning of toxic metals (lead, cadmium, chromium, zinc, copper) in soil, sediment, and water. Metal bioavailability—the fraction accessible to organisms—depends critically on speciation: metal bound to soil organic matter or iron oxides is immobile and non-bioavailable; dissolved or exchangeable metal is highly bioavailable and toxic. Speciation assessment informs remediation design, risk assessment, and contaminant fate prediction.	Soil remediation encompasses a suite of technologies and strategies to treat contaminated soil at sites with elevated levels of organic compounds, heavy metals, radionuclides, or other hazardous substances. Systematized by the US EPA in the 1980s following industrial accidents and legacy contamination discoveries, soil remediation methods range from in situ (biological, chemical, thermal) to ex situ (excavation, treatment, off-site disposal) approaches. The selection process integrates site characterization, contaminant bioavailability, regulatory risk thresholds, and cost-benefit analysis.