השוואת שיטות

	Doxey Irridex Analysis	Tourism Carrying Capacity Assessment
תחום	Tourism Studies	Tourism Studies
משפחה	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
שנת המקור	1975	1986
הוגה השיטה	George V. Doxey	A. M. O'Reilly (tourism formulation)
סוג	Stage model of host-community attitudes toward tourism	Threshold-based assessment of sustainable visitor levels
מקור מכונן	Doxey, G. V. (1975). A causation theory of visitor-resident irritants: methodology and research inferences. In The Impact of Tourism: Sixth Annual Conference Proceedings of the Travel Research Association (pp. 195-198). San Diego, CA: Travel Research Association.	O'Reilly, A. M. (1986). Tourism carrying capacity: concept and issues. Tourism Management, 7(4), 254-258.
כינויים	Irridex, Irritation Index, Doxey's Index of Tourist Irritation, Visitor-Resident Irritant Analysis	Tourism Carrying Capacity, TCC Assessment, Destination Carrying Capacity, Tourism Capacity Analysis
קשורות	3	3
תקציר	Doxey's Irritation Index, or Irridex, is a framework for understanding how a host community's attitude toward tourism changes as the destination grows. Proposed by George Doxey in 1975 as a causation theory of visitor-resident irritants, it holds that residents pass through four sequential states as tourist numbers and impacts intensify: euphoria, when tourism is new and welcomed; apathy, when it becomes routine and purely commercial; irritation, when saturation strains local life; and antagonism, when residents openly resent and blame tourists. The model's enduring appeal is that it frames resident hostility not as random but as the predictable end of an unmanaged growth process, and it pairs naturally with the Tourism Area Life Cycle to explain the social side of a destination's evolution and to warn managers to act before goodwill turns to antagonism.	Tourism carrying capacity assessment estimates the maximum level of visitor use a destination or site can sustain before its environment, infrastructure, host community, or visitor experience begins to deteriorate unacceptably. The concept, given its influential tourism formulation by A. M. O'Reilly in 1986, recognises that carrying capacity is not a single number but a set of limits operating across distinct dimensions — physical and ecological capacity on the resource side, social capacity on the host and visitor side, and economic capacity on the activity side — with the binding constraint being whichever is reached first. Carrying capacity is the conceptual engine behind Butler's Tourism Area Life Cycle, explaining why unmanaged growth leads to stagnation, and it underpins much of sustainable destination management even as it has been refined into more flexible, indicator-based frameworks.