השוואת שיטות

	Community Disaster Resilience Index	Pressure and Release Model
תחום	Disaster Studies	Disaster Studies
משפחה	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
שנת המקור	2012	1994
הוגה השיטה	Jonas Joerin, Rajib Shaw, Yukiko Takeuchi & Ramasamy Krishnamurthy	Ben Wisner, Piers Blaikie, Terry Cannon & Ian Davis
סוג	Survey-based weighted composite index of community resilience	Causal-chain framework for the social production of disaster vulnerability
מקור מכונן	Joerin, J., Shaw, R., Takeuchi, Y., & Krishnamurthy, R. (2012). Action-oriented resilience assessment of communities in Chennai, India. Environmental Hazards, 11(3), 226-241.	Wisner, B., Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., & Davis, I. (2004). At Risk: Natural Hazards, People's Vulnerability and Disasters (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 9780415252164
כינויים	CDRI, Climate Disaster Resilience Index, Community Resilience Index	PAR Model, Pressure and Release Framework, Crunch Model
קשורות	3	3
תקציר	The Community Disaster Resilience Index (CDRI) is a survey-based, multi-level composite-index method for assessing the resilience of communities to disasters, developed in the action-oriented form by Jonas Joerin, Rajib Shaw, Yukiko Takeuchi, and Ramasamy Krishnamurthy and applied in Chennai, India. CDRI decomposes resilience into a hierarchy: a small set of dimensions (commonly physical, social, economic, institutional, and natural), each split into parameters, each measured by several variables scored on a Likert scale. Variables are combined into parameter scores, parameters into dimension scores, and dimensions into an overall index, with weights typically elicited from stakeholders or experts. Unlike secondary-data indices, CDRI is built to be participatory and diagnostic — its purpose is to reveal which dimension of resilience is weakest in a given community so that action can be targeted there.	The Pressure and Release model (PAR), developed by Ben Wisner, Piers Blaikie, Terry Cannon, and Ian Davis in their book At Risk, is the foundational framework for analyzing disasters as socially produced rather than purely natural events. It conceptualizes a disaster as the intersection of two opposing forces: a natural hazard on one side and, on the other, a progression of vulnerability that builds from deep root causes through dynamic pressures into concrete unsafe conditions. The metaphor is a nutcracker or 'crunch': the hazard squeezes a population whose vulnerability has been progressively constructed by political, economic, and social processes. Risk is expressed as the product of hazard and vulnerability, and the model's hopeful corollary — the 'release' — is that reducing risk means tracing the chain backward and relieving the pressures, addressing unsafe conditions, dynamic pressures, and ultimately root causes.