השוואת שיטות

	ציון Z של אלטמן: חיזוי פשיטת רגל של חברות	ציון M של בנייש: זיהוי מניפולציות ברווחים
תחום	מימון	מימון
משפחה	Regression model	Regression model
שנת המקור	1968	1999
הוגה השיטה	Edward Altman	Messod Beneish
סוג	Multiple discriminant analysis scoring model	Probabilistic forensic accounting model
מקור מכונן	Altman, E. I. (1968). Financial ratios, discriminant analysis and the prediction of corporate bankruptcy. The Journal of Finance, 23(4), 589–609.	Beneish, M. D. (1999). The detection of earnings manipulation. Financial Analysts Journal, 55(5), 24–36.
כינויים	Altman's Z-Score Model, Multiple Discriminant Analysis Bankruptcy Model, Z-Score Financial Distress Model, Altman Z-Skoru	Beneish Model, M-Score Model, Earnings Manipulation Score, Beneish M-Skoru
קשורות	3	3
תקציר	The Altman Z-Score is a linear discriminant model developed by Edward I. Altman in 1968 to predict corporate bankruptcy using five accounting-based financial ratios. Derived through multiple discriminant analysis on a matched sample of 66 US manufacturing firms, the model combines liquidity, profitability, leverage, solvency, and activity ratios into a single composite score that classifies firms as financially sound, distressed, or in a grey zone.	The Beneish M-Score is a statistical model developed by Messod Beneish in 1999 to identify whether a company has manipulated its reported earnings. The model combines eight financial-statement ratios into a single composite score using coefficients estimated from a probit regression on a sample of detected earnings manipulators. A score above −2.22 indicates a heightened probability of manipulation, making the M-Score a widely used tool in forensic accounting and investment due-diligence.