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| Smart City Index× | Accessibility Analysis× | |
|---|---|---|
| Tieteenala≠ | Urban Studies | Human Geography |
| Menetelmäperhe | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Syntyvuosi≠ | 2011 | 1959 |
| Kehittäjä≠ | Giffinger et al. (smart-city dimensions); Caragliu, Del Bo & Nijkamp (smart-city concept) | Walter G. Hansen |
| Tyyppi≠ | Composite index aggregating indicators across smart-city dimensions | Spatial index of the ease of reaching opportunities from a location |
| Alkuperäislähde≠ | Caragliu, A., Del Bo, C., & Nijkamp, P. (2011). Smart cities in Europe. Journal of Urban Technology, 18(2), 65–82. DOI ↗ | Hansen, W. G. (1959). How accessibility shapes land use. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 25(2), 73–76. DOI ↗ |
| Rinnakkaisnimet | Smart City Ranking, Cities in Motion Index, Smart-City Composite Indicator, Smart City Performance Index | Hansen Accessibility, Gravity Accessibility Measure, Potential Accessibility, Spatial Accessibility Index |
| Liittyvät | 4 | 4 |
| Tiivistelmä≠ | A smart city index is a composite indicator that scores and ranks cities on how 'smart' they are across several dimensions — typically economy, people, governance, mobility, environment and living. Each dimension gathers many raw indicators that are normalised onto a common scale, weighted, and aggregated first into dimension scores and then into a single overall number. Prominent examples such as the European smart-cities ranking of Giffinger and colleagues and the IESE Cities in Motion Index made this six-axis framing standard, turning a sprawling, contested concept into a benchmark cities can be compared on. | Accessibility analysis measures how easily opportunities — jobs, shops, clinics, parks — can be reached from a given location, combining the attractiveness (size) of destinations with the cost of travelling to them. The gravity-based formulation introduced by Walter Hansen in 1959 sums the opportunities at all destinations, each discounted by a distance-decay function of travel cost, producing a single accessibility score per origin that has become a foundational concept in transport geography and urban planning. |
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