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| Risk-adjusted Nested Case-Control× | Kohorttitutkimus× | |
|---|---|---|
| Tieteenala | Epidemiologia | Epidemiologia |
| Menetelmäperhe | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Syntyvuosi≠ | 1977 (nested case-control); risk-adjusted extensions 1980s–2000s | Mid-20th century (formal epidemiological design codified ~1950s) |
| Kehittäjä≠ | Thomas (1977) for nested case-control; risk adjustment extensions developed through pharmacoepidemiology literature (1980s–2000s) | Doll & Hill (British Doctors Study, 1951); Snow (cholera, 1854) |
| Tyyppi≠ | Observational analytical study design | Observational longitudinal study design |
| Alkuperäislähde≠ | Thomas, D. C. (1977). Addendum to: Methods of cohort analysis: Appraisal by application to asbestos mining. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 140(4), 469–491. link ↗ | Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641 |
| Rinnakkaisnimet | risk-adjusted NCC, covariate-adjusted nested case-control, propensity-score nested case-control, nested case-control with risk adjustment | longitudinal study, follow-up study, panel study, incidence study |
| Liittyvät≠ | 4 | 6 |
| Tiivistelmä≠ | A risk-adjusted nested case-control study embeds a case-control comparison inside a defined cohort and explicitly accounts for differences in baseline risk between cases and controls through covariate adjustment — most commonly via risk scores, propensity scores, or stratification. It preserves the efficiency advantages of the nested design while reducing confounding attributable to pre-existing risk differentials, making it especially valuable in pharmacoepidemiology and clinical effectiveness research. | A cohort study assembles a group of individuals who share a common starting point — typically freedom from the outcome of interest — and follows them over time to observe who develops the outcome. By comparing incidence rates between exposed and unexposed subgroups, researchers can estimate relative risk and absolute risk differences. Cohort studies are the gold-standard observational design for measuring disease incidence and establishing temporal relationships between exposure and outcome. |
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