Vertaile menetelmiä

	APA-tyyliopas: Tekstiviitteet ja lähdeluettelon muotoilu	IMRaD-rakenne: Johdanto, Menetelmät, Tulokset ja Pohdinta
Tieteenala	Tieteellinen kirjoittaminen	Tieteellinen kirjoittaminen
Menetelmäperhe	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Syntyvuosi	1957	1970
Kehittäjä	American Psychological Association (founded 1892)	International scientific publishing community (adopted widely by 1970s)
Tyyppi	Standard	Guideline
Alkuperäislähde	American Psychological Association (2020). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ISBN: 978-1-4338-3216-1	International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (2023). Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals.
Rinnakkaisnimet	APA 7th edition, APA citation, author-date citation	IMRaD, IMRAD, scientific manuscript structure
Liittyvät	4	5
Tiivistelmä	APA (American Psychological Association) Style is a citation and formatting standard widely used in psychology, education, social sciences, and increasingly in health sciences. APA uses author-date in-text citations (e.g., Smith, 2021) linked to a reference list at the end of the manuscript. The 7th edition (2020) is the current standard and requires DOI (Digital Object Identifier) for all works that have one. APA style covers not only citations but also manuscript formatting (margins, spacing, headings, figure captions), promoting consistency and clarity across scholarly communication.	IMRaD is the standard organizational framework for scientific manuscripts in biomedical and natural sciences research. It separates reporting into four sequential sections—Introduction (why the research was conducted), Methods (how it was done), Results (what was found), and Discussion (what the findings mean)—enabling readers to understand, evaluate, and reproduce the work. Adopted as best practice by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) since the 1970s, IMRaD structure is now mandated or strongly recommended by most peer-reviewed journals.