مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	مصاحبه بدون ساختار	قوم‌نگاری
حوزه	کیفی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	Mid-20th century (Rogers ~1942; Spradley ~1979)	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
پدیدآور	Rooted in anthropological and sociological fieldwork traditions; systematised by James P. Spradley and Carl Rogers (non-directive counselling interview)	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
نوع	Qualitative research method	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
منبع بنیادین	Spradley, J. P. (1979). The Ethnographic Interview. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
نام‌های دیگر	open-ended interview, non-directive interview, in-depth interview, conversational interview	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
مرتبط	6	5
خلاصه	An unstructured interview is a qualitative data-collection method in which the researcher enters the conversation with a broad topic or grand-tour question rather than a fixed questionnaire, allowing the participant to direct the flow and depth of the discussion. The approach prioritises the participant's own conceptual categories and narrative logic over the researcher's pre-formed agenda, making it especially powerful for exploratory inquiry into unfamiliar or complex social phenomena.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.