مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	یادداشت‌های میدانی سه‌گانه‌سازی شده	قوم‌نگاری	پژوهش ترکیبی
حوزه	روش‌شناسی پیمایش	کیفی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1970s–1980s	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)	—
پدیدآور	Norman K. Denzin (triangulation); Yvonna Lincoln & Egon Guba (trustworthiness framework)	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology	—
نوع	Qualitative data collection and verification technique	Qualitative fieldwork tradition	Research design framework
منبع بنیادین	Denzin, N. K. (1978). The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462	Creswell, J.W. & Plano Clark, V.L. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (3rd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483344379
نام‌های دیگر	multi-source field notes, cross-observer field notes, triangulated observation notes, TFN	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research	Karma Yöntem Araştırması (Mixed Methods), multi-method research, triangulation design
مرتبط	5	5	4
خلاصه	Triangulated Field Notes is a qualitative data collection technique in which field notes are recorded independently by multiple observers, from multiple vantage points, or at multiple time points and then systematically compared to strengthen the credibility and completeness of observational data. Rooted in Denzin's triangulation framework and Lincoln and Guba's trustworthiness criteria, the approach counters observer bias by cross-checking accounts before analysis begins.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.	Mixed methods research is a systematic research design in which quantitative and qualitative data are collected and analysed within a single study. Formalised by Creswell and Plano Clark (2003, 3rd ed. 2018), it offers three principal design variants — concurrent, sequential, and transformative — and strengthens findings through triangulation across both data strands.