مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	طرح روش‌های ترکیبی تحول‌آفرین	قوم‌نگاری انتقادی
حوزه	طراحی پژوهش	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	2003–2009	Late 20th century (~1980s–1993 systematisation)
پدیدآور	Donna M. Mertens; John W. Creswell & Vicki L. Plano Clark	Jim Thomas (systematised); rooted in Frankfurt School critical theory (Adorno, Horkheimer) and feminist/postcolonial traditions
نوع	Mixed methods research design	Qualitative research method
منبع بنیادین	Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (3rd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483344379	Thomas, J. (1993). Doing Critical Ethnography. Sage Publications.
نام‌های دیگر	transformative design, advocacy mixed methods, emancipatory mixed methods, social-justice mixed methods	critical ethnographic research, critical qualitative ethnography, advocacy ethnography, emancipatory ethnography
مرتبط	6	6
خلاصه	Transformative mixed methods design embeds a social-justice or advocacy theoretical framework — such as feminism, critical race theory, disability studies, or indigenous worldviews — as the overarching lens that guides every decision about data collection, integration, and use. Both quantitative and qualitative strands serve the goal of advancing equity, challenging power structures, and producing actionable knowledge for marginalized communities.	Critical ethnography is a qualitative research approach that combines sustained fieldwork immersion with explicit critical theory to examine how power, inequality, and ideology shape the lived experiences of marginalised communities. Unlike conventional ethnography, which aims to describe a culture as it is, critical ethnography commits the researcher to questioning what is taken for granted and to producing knowledge that can serve as a resource for social change. Rooted in Frankfurt School critical theory and expanded through feminist, postcolonial, and race-critical traditions, it treats the research process itself as a political act.