مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	پدیدارشناسی متعالی	تحلیل گفتمان	نظریه داده‌بنیاد	تحلیل روایی
حوزه	کیفی	پژوهش کیفی	پژوهش کیفی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1900–1913 (Ideas I, 1913)	1989 (Fairclough); 1987 (Potter & Wetherell)	1967	1967 (foundational); 2008 (canonical handbook)
پدیدآور	Edmund Husserl	Norman Fairclough; Jonathan Potter and Margaret Wetherell	Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss	Catherine Kohler Riessman (seminal synthesis, 2008); roots in Labov & Waletzky (1967)
نوع	Qualitative research method	Method	Method	Qualitative interpretive method
منبع بنیادین	Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological Research Methods. Sage. ISBN: 978-0803957466	Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. Longman.	Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine.	Riessman, C.K. (2008). Narrative Methods for the Human Sciences. Sage.
نام‌های دیگر	Husserlian phenomenology, eidetic phenomenology, transcendental-phenomenological research, pure phenomenology	DA, Critical Discourse Analysis, Discursive Analysis	GT, Grounded Theory Approach	narrative inquiry, life history analysis, biographical research, Anlatı Analizi (Narrative Analysis)
مرتبط	6	2	3	6
خلاصه	Transcendental phenomenology, founded by Edmund Husserl, is a qualitative method that seeks the universal essential structures — the invariant essences — of a consciously lived experience. By bracketing all assumptions and prior theories (epoché) and applying eidetic reduction, the researcher uncovers what an experience is in its purest, most fundamental form, independent of any particular context, culture, or individual biography. Clark Moustakas's 1994 adaptation made the method directly accessible to social-science researchers.	Discourse analysis is a qualitative research methodology that examines how language, communication, and power shape meaning, identity, and social reality. Developed across linguistics, sociology, and psychology (particularly by Norman Fairclough and Jonathan Potter), discourse analysis goes beyond content to analyze language use as a social practice that constitutes and reflects power relations, ideologies, and social structures.	Grounded Theory (GT) is a systematic qualitative research methodology in which theory emerges directly from data through iterative analysis, rather than being imposed before data collection. Developed by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss in 1967, GT prioritizes generating explanatory frameworks grounded in evidence.	Narrative analysis is a qualitative research method, synthesised canonically by Catherine Kohler Riessman (2008), that examines how individuals storise their lived experiences and construct meaning through the telling. Drawing on life history, biographical, and narrative inquiry traditions, it treats the story itself — not just its content — as the unit of analysis, attending to temporal sequence, plot structure, and the social context in which a narrative is produced.