مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	پدیدارشناسی متعالی	پژوهش مطالعه موردی	تحلیل گفتمان	تحلیل روایی
حوزه	کیفی	کیفی	پژوهش کیفی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1900–1913 (Ideas I, 1913)	1984 (seminal codification)	1989 (Fairclough); 1987 (Potter & Wetherell)	1967 (foundational); 2008 (canonical handbook)
پدیدآور	Edmund Husserl	Robert K. Yin (systematised in Case Study Research, 1984)	Norman Fairclough; Jonathan Potter and Margaret Wetherell	Catherine Kohler Riessman (seminal synthesis, 2008); roots in Labov & Waletzky (1967)
نوع	Qualitative research method	Qualitative research design	Method	Qualitative interpretive method
منبع بنیادین	Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological Research Methods. Sage. ISBN: 978-0803957466	Yin, R.K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1506336169	Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. Longman.	Riessman, C.K. (2008). Narrative Methods for the Human Sciences. Sage.
نام‌های دیگر	Husserlian phenomenology, eidetic phenomenology, transcendental-phenomenological research, pure phenomenology	Vaka Çalışması (Case Study), case study design, case study methodology	DA, Critical Discourse Analysis, Discursive Analysis	narrative inquiry, life history analysis, biographical research, Anlatı Analizi (Narrative Analysis)
مرتبط	6	5	2	6
خلاصه	Transcendental phenomenology, founded by Edmund Husserl, is a qualitative method that seeks the universal essential structures — the invariant essences — of a consciously lived experience. By bracketing all assumptions and prior theories (epoché) and applying eidetic reduction, the researcher uncovers what an experience is in its purest, most fundamental form, independent of any particular context, culture, or individual biography. Clark Moustakas's 1994 adaptation made the method directly accessible to social-science researchers.	Case study research is a qualitative research design that investigates a specific phenomenon, individual, group, organisation, or event in depth within its real-world context. Systematised by Robert K. Yin in 1984, it supports single-case and multiple-case designs and draws on multiple data sources — interviews, observation, documents, and artefacts — to build a rich, contextualised account of a bounded unit.	Discourse analysis is a qualitative research methodology that examines how language, communication, and power shape meaning, identity, and social reality. Developed across linguistics, sociology, and psychology (particularly by Norman Fairclough and Jonathan Potter), discourse analysis goes beyond content to analyze language use as a social practice that constitutes and reflects power relations, ideologies, and social structures.	Narrative analysis is a qualitative research method, synthesised canonically by Catherine Kohler Riessman (2008), that examines how individuals storise their lived experiences and construct meaning through the telling. Drawing on life history, biographical, and narrative inquiry traditions, it treats the story itself — not just its content — as the unit of analysis, attending to temporal sequence, plot structure, and the social context in which a narrative is produced.