مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	Tourism Input-Output Analysis	Tourism Multiplier Analysis
حوزه	Tourism Economics	Tourism Economics
خانواده	Regression model	Regression model
سال پیدایش	1989	1982
پدیدآور	Wassily Leontief (framework); John E. Fletcher (tourism application)	Brian H. Archer; John E. Fletcher
نوع	Inter-industry economic-impact model for tourism final demand	Economic-impact multiplier model for tourism expenditure
منبع بنیادین	Fletcher, J. E. (1989). Input-output analysis and tourism impact studies. Annals of Tourism Research, 16(4), 514-529.	Archer, B. H. (1982). The value of multipliers and their policy implications. Tourism Management, 3(4), 236-241.
نام‌های دیگر	Tourism I-O Analysis, Leontief Tourism Impact Model, Inter-Industry Tourism Analysis, Tourism Inter-Industry Modeling	Tourism Income Multiplier, Keynesian Tourism Multiplier, Tourism Economic Multiplier, Ad Hoc Tourism Multiplier
مرتبط	3	3
خلاصه	Tourism input-output analysis applies Wassily Leontief's inter-industry framework to measure how tourist spending reverberates through an entire economy. An input-output table records, sector by sector, how much each industry buys from every other industry to produce its output. By treating tourism expenditure as a final-demand shock to this system of linkages and inverting the Leontief matrix, the analyst captures not only the direct output of the businesses visitors patronise but also the indirect demand placed on their suppliers, and the suppliers' suppliers, throughout the production chain. John Fletcher's 1989 article established the rigorous tourism application of this method, and Dwyer, Forsyth and Spurr's 2004 comparison set out both its strengths as an impact tool and the assumptions that distinguish it from computable general equilibrium analysis.	Tourism multiplier analysis quantifies how much total economic activity a destination gains from each unit of tourist spending, once that spending circulates through the local economy. When a visitor pays for a hotel room, the money does not stop there: the hotel pays wages, buys food and laundry services, and its suppliers in turn pay their own staff and suppliers, while households re-spend the incomes they earn. Each round generates further income, output, and jobs, though some money leaks out at every stage through imports, savings, and taxes. The multiplier is the ratio of this total effect to the original injection. Brian Archer's work, especially his 1982 assessment of the value of multipliers, clarified what these figures mean and how they are misused, while John Fletcher's 1989 input-output treatment gave the technique its rigorous modern foundation and its standard typology of income, output, and employment multipliers.