مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	مقیاس تِکنوفرانس	مقیاس استفاده منفعل از رسانه‌های اجتماعی
حوزه	روان‌شناسی رسانه‌های اجتماعی	روان‌شناسی رسانه‌های اجتماعی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	2016	2018
پدیدآور	Brandon T. McDaniel and Sarah M. Coyne	Jae-Won Hur (and related work by Verduyn, Valkenburg, and others)
نوع	Self-report	Self-report
منبع بنیادین	McDaniel, B. T., & Coyne, S. M. (2016). Technology interference in the context of romantic relationships. In R. E. Ackerman (Ed.), The psychology of social networking (Vol. 1, pp. 86–102). Nova Publishers.	Hur, J.-W. (2018). The impact of using social media on reducing social isolation. The Internet and Higher Education, 38, 21–28.
نام‌های دیگر	Technoference, Phone Interference	PSMUSES, Passive Use
مرتبط	4	4
خلاصه	The Technoference Scale measures the degree to which smartphone and technology use interferes with interpersonal relationships, particularly in romantic partnerships, families, and close relationships. Developed by McDaniel and Coyne in the mid-2010s, this construct captures a modern phenomenon where digital devices create physical or psychological distance during face-to-face interaction, reducing relationship quality and satisfaction.	The Passive Social Media Use Scale measures the extent to which individuals engage in passive consumption—scrolling, lurking, and observing others' content—versus active participation like posting, commenting, and messaging. Developed to distinguish between active (interactive) and passive (consumptive) social media behaviors, this scale recognizes that passive use patterns are associated with distinct psychological outcomes including reduced wellbeing and increased social comparison.