مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	Task-Centered Practice	Goal Attainment Scaling
حوزه	Social Work	Social Work
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1972	1968
پدیدآور	William J. Reid & Laura Epstein	Thomas J. Kiresuk & Robert E. Sherman
نوع	Short-term, structured, problem-solving practice model organized around client tasks	Individualized, criterion-referenced outcome measurement procedure
منبع بنیادین	Reid, W. J., & Epstein, L. (1972). Task-Centered Casework. Columbia University Press. ISBN: 9780231034661	Kiresuk, T. J., & Sherman, R. E. (1968). Goal attainment scaling: A general method for evaluating comprehensive community mental health programs. Community Mental Health Journal, 4(6), 443–453.
نام‌های دیگر	Task-Centered Casework, Task-Centered Model, Task-Centered Social Work, Reid-Epstein Task-Centered Approach	GAS, Goal Attainment Scale, Kiresuk-Sherman Goal Attainment Scaling, Individualized Goal Scaling
مرتبط	4	3
خلاصه	Task-centered practice is a short-term, structured, problem-solving model of social-work intervention in which the worker and client identify a small number of specific target problems the client wants to address, agree on a time-limited contract, and then collaboratively develop and carry out concrete tasks to reduce those problems. Created by William Reid and Laura Epstein in 1972, it was one of the first social-work practice models built deliberately for empirical evaluation, and its emphasis on client-chosen problems, explicit tasks, and bounded time made it a foundation for evidence-based, accountable practice.	Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) is a method for measuring the outcomes of an individualized intervention by writing, in advance, a small set of client-specific goals and defining for each a graded scale of possible outcomes from much worse than expected to much better than expected. After the intervention, the actual outcome on each goal is scored on this scale and the scores are combined into a single standardized index, allowing idiosyncratic, personally meaningful goals to be aggregated and compared across clients and programs. It was introduced by Thomas Kiresuk and Robert Sherman in 1968 to evaluate community mental health programs.