مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	پژوهش پیمایشی	طراحی پژوهش طولی
حوزه	طراحی پژوهش	طراحی پژوهش
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	Late 19th century; methodologically systematised 1940s–1960s	Late 19th–early 20th century; methodologically codified through the 20th century
پدیدآور	Francis Galton, Charles Booth, and early social statisticians; systematised by Paul Lazarsfeld and colleagues at Columbia in the 1940s	No single originator; foundational methodological treatments by Stuart Menard and Judith Singer & John Willett
نوع	Quantitative (and mixed) non-experimental design	Quantitative (or mixed) observational research design
منبع بنیادین	Fowler, F. J. (2014). Survey Research Methods (5th ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-1452259000	Menard, S. (2002). Longitudinal Research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0761922841
نام‌های دیگر	survey methodology, questionnaire research, survey design, survey study	longitudinal study, longitudinal design, prospective longitudinal study, repeated-measures observational study
مرتبط	4	4
خلاصه	Survey research is a quantitative (and sometimes mixed-methods) design in which a researcher collects standardised self-report data from a sample drawn from a defined population, using a questionnaire or structured interview. It is the dominant non-experimental strategy for describing population characteristics, estimating prevalence, mapping attitude distributions, and testing bivariate or multivariate associations across social, behavioural, and health sciences.	Longitudinal research is an observational design in which the same participants, groups, or units are measured repeatedly over an extended period. Rather than capturing a single snapshot, it tracks change, stability, and temporal sequencing of variables — making it the primary non-experimental strategy for studying development, growth, decline, and the unfolding of causal processes across time.