مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	پیمایش	پژوهش پیمایشی طولی
حوزه	روش‌شناسی پیمایش	روش‌شناسی پیمایش
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	Late 19th century; systematic social-science use from 1940s	1940s (panel survey tradition); longitudinal designs codified mid-20th century
پدیدآور	Francis Galton, Charles Booth, and early social statisticians; formalised by Paul Lazarsfeld in the 1940s	Established tradition; formalized in social science by Paul Lazarsfeld and colleagues (1940s panel studies)
نوع	Quantitative (primarily) or mixed-methods data-collection instrument	Quantitative / mixed-methods survey design
منبع بنیادین	Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., & Christian, L. M. (2014). Internet, Phone, Mail, and Mixed-Mode Surveys: The Tailored Design Method (4th ed.). Wiley. ISBN: 978-1118456149	Menard, S. (2002). Longitudinal Research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0761922292
نام‌های دیگر	questionnaire survey, survey research, self-report survey, questionnaire study	panel survey, repeated-measures survey, longitudinal panel study, wave survey
مرتبط	6	3
خلاصه	A survey is a systematic data-collection method in which a standardised set of questions is posed to a sample of respondents to measure attitudes, behaviours, demographics, or other constructs. Surveys can be administered via paper, telephone, online platforms, or face-to-face. They are among the most widely used instruments in social, behavioural, health, and educational research because they can reach large, geographically dispersed samples at relatively low cost.	A longitudinal survey collects structured questionnaire data from the same individuals or units at two or more distinct points in time. By tracking the same respondents across waves, researchers can distinguish genuine change from stable individual differences, establish temporal ordering between variables, and model trajectories of attitudes, behaviors, or outcomes in ways that a single cross-sectional snapshot cannot support.