مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	استانداردهای گزارش‌دهی آماری: گزارش‌دهی شفاف تحلیل‌ها	گزارش‌دهی شکل و جدول: استانداردهای بصری‌سازی داده‌ها
حوزه	نگارش دانشگاهی	نگارش دانشگاهی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	2005	1983
پدیدآور	Statistical and methodological literature; emphasized by Cumming (2013), ICMJE, and replication crisis discussions	Tufte (visual communication theory), ICMJE standards, APA style guide
نوع	Guideline	Guideline
منبع بنیادین	Cumming, G. (2013). The new statistics: Why and how. Psychological Science, 25(1), 7–29.	American Psychological Association (2020). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ISBN: 978-1-4338-3216-1
نام‌های دیگر	reporting statistics, statistical transparency, effect size reporting	data visualization, table design, figure captions
مرتبط	4	4
خلاصه	Transparent reporting of statistical results—including effect sizes, confidence intervals, p-values, and assumptions—is essential for scientific integrity and reproducibility. Many published studies report p-values in isolation without effect sizes or confidence intervals, making it impossible for readers to assess the magnitude of findings. Statistical reporting standards, emphasized by Cumming (2013), the American Statistical Association, and the ICMJE, require effect sizes, confidence intervals, and discussion of uncertainty. This enables readers to judge whether findings are practically significant (not just statistically significant) and to compare effect sizes across studies in meta-analyses. Poor statistical reporting wastes research and prevents proper synthesis of evidence.	Tables and figures are the primary means of presenting research data in scientific manuscripts. A well-designed table or figure enables readers to grasp complex data patterns instantly; a poorly designed one obscures findings or misleads. The ICMJE Recommendations and APA Publication Manual establish standards for table and figure formatting, captions, legends, and referencing. Tables are best used for precise numerical values and comparisons across rows and columns; figures (graphs, plots, images) are better for illustrating trends, relationships, or distributions. Both must be self-contained (understandable without consulting the text) and referenced clearly in the manuscript.