مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	طرح چهار گروهی سولومون	طرح آزمایشی پیش‌آزمون-پس‌آزمون
حوزه	طراحی آزمایش	طراحی آزمایش
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1949	1963 (formalized in Campbell & Stanley)
پدیدآور	Richard L. Solomon	Donald T. Campbell and Julian C. Stanley
نوع	True experimental design	Experimental / quasi-experimental research design
منبع بنیادین	Solomon, R. L. (1949). An extension of control group design. Psychological Bulletin, 46(2), 137–150.	Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Rand McNally.
نام‌های دیگر	Solomon design, four-group design, Solomon four-group control design, S4GD	pretest-posttest design, before-after design, pre-post design, two-wave experimental design
مرتبط	5	5
خلاصه	The Solomon Four-Group Design extends the classic pretest-posttest control-group design by adding two groups that receive no pretest, enabling researchers to detect whether the pretest itself alters participants' responses to the treatment. Introduced by Richard L. Solomon in 1949, it remains the gold standard for isolating the independent effect of a pretest and for obtaining unbiased estimates of treatment efficacy.	The pretest-posttest experimental design measures participants on the outcome variable before and after treatment, typically with random assignment to treatment and control groups. The difference between pre- and post-scores isolates the treatment effect from baseline variation, making this one of the most widely used frameworks in experimental and quasi-experimental research across education, psychology, medicine, and the social sciences.