مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	Social Cost-Benefit Analysis	Contingent Valuation Method
حوزه	اقتصاد	اقتصاد
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1974	1963
پدیدآور	Ian Little & James Mirrlees; Partha Dasgupta, Amartya Sen & Stephen Marglin (UNIDO)	Robert K. Davis (early use); methodology codified by the NOAA panel
نوع	Welfare-based project appraisal using shadow prices	Survey-based stated-preference valuation method
منبع بنیادین	Little, I. M. D., & Mirrlees, J. A. (1974). Project Appraisal and Planning for Developing Countries. Heinemann Educational / Basic Books. ISBN: 9780435845001	Hanemann, W. M. (1994). Valuing the environment through contingent valuation. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8(4), 19–43.
نام‌های دیگر	SCBA, Economic Appraisal, Shadow-Price Cost-Benefit Analysis, Social Appraisal of Investment Projects	CVM, Stated-Preference Valuation, Willingness-to-Pay Survey, Survey-Based Non-Market Valuation
مرتبط	3	2
خلاصه	Social cost-benefit analysis (SCBA) appraises public investment projects from the standpoint of society as a whole rather than a private investor. It values inputs and outputs at shadow prices that reflect their true opportunity cost to the economy — correcting market prices for taxes, subsidies, trade distortions, and unemployment — applies distributional weights to gains accruing to different income groups, and discounts the resulting stream of social net benefits at a social discount rate to obtain a net present social value. The modern framework was systematized by Little and Mirrlees and, in parallel, in the UNIDO guidelines of Dasgupta, Sen, and Marglin.	The contingent valuation method (CVM) is a survey-based stated-preference technique for estimating the economic value people place on goods that are not traded in markets — clean air, an endangered species, a wilderness area, the existence of a natural resource. Respondents are presented with a carefully constructed hypothetical scenario and asked how much they would be willing to pay for a described change in provision; their answers are used to estimate mean or median willingness to pay, including non-use (existence) values that no market reveals.