مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	آزمون علامت (Sign Test)	آزمون یو مان-ویتنی
حوزه	آمار	آمار
خانواده	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test
سال پیدایش	1946	1947
پدیدآور	W. J. Dixon & A. M. Mood	H. B. Mann & D. R. Whitney
نوع	Nonparametric median test	Nonparametric two-group comparison
منبع بنیادین	Dixon, W. J. & Mood, A. M. (1946). The statistical sign test. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 41(236), 557–566.	Mann, H. B. & Whitney, D. R. (1947). On a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 18(1), 50–60.
نام‌های دیگر	İşaret Testi (Sign Test), one-sample sign test, paired sign test	Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, Mann-Whitney U Testi
مرتبط	4	4
خلاصه	The sign test is the simplest nonparametric hypothesis test for deciding whether the median of paired differences — or of a single sample — differs significantly from a hypothesised value. Formalised by W. J. Dixon and A. M. Mood in 1946, it imposes virtually no distributional assumptions and can be applied to any data where individual differences can be classified as positive or negative.	The Mann-Whitney U test is the nonparametric alternative to the independent samples t-test, comparing two independent groups by ranking all observations together rather than relying on their means. It was introduced by H. B. Mann and D. R. Whitney in 1947 and does not require the data to be normally distributed.