مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری (SEM)	مدل‌سازی چندسطحی
حوزه	آمار	آمار پژوهش
خانواده	Latent structure	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1970	1992
پدیدآور	Karl Jöreskog (LISREL framework, 1970s)	Anthony Bryk and Stephen Raudenbush
نوع	Latent variable / causal modeling	Method
منبع بنیادین	Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN: 978-1473756540	Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. SAGE Publications.
نام‌های دیگر	Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi (SEM), structural equation modelling, covariance structure analysis, latent variable modeling	HLM, mixed-effects models, random effects models, MLM
مرتبط	5	3
خلاصه	Structural equation modeling is a multivariate statistical framework that simultaneously estimates a measurement model — relating observed indicators to latent constructs — and a structural model specifying directional or reciprocal relationships among those constructs. Rooted in the LISREL tradition developed by Karl Jöreskog in the 1970s, SEM is the standard tool for testing complex theoretical models in the social, behavioural, and management sciences.	Multilevel modeling (also called hierarchical linear modeling, mixed-effects modeling) is a statistical framework for analyzing data organized in nested or clustered structures—students within schools, patients within hospitals, repeated measures within individuals. Developed by Bryk and Raudenbush (1992), it accounts for dependency among observations and partitions variance into levels (within-cluster and between-cluster), enabling valid inference and revealing context effects. Essential in education, medicine, organizational research, and any field where data have natural hierarchies.