مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	تخمین متغیرهای ابزاری مقاوم	متغیرهای ابزاری داده‌های پنل (Panel IV / 2SLS)
حوزه	استنتاج علّی	استنتاج علّی
خانواده	Regression model	Regression model
سال پیدایش	1949–2019	1978-1991
پدیدآور	Anderson & Rubin (1949); Stock, Wright & Yogo (2002); Andrews, Stock & Sun (2019)	Hausman (1978); Anderson & Hsiao (1982); Arellano & Bond (1991)
نوع	Causal inference / robust estimation	Causal inference / panel regression
منبع بنیادین	Stock, J. H., Wright, J. H., & Yogo, M. (2002). A survey of weak instruments and weak identification in generalized method of moments. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 20(4), 518-529.	Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277-297.
نام‌های دیگر	Robust IV, Weak-instrument-robust IV, Robust 2SLS, Weak-instrument-robust inference	Panel IV, Panel 2SLS, Within-IV, Fixed-Effects IV
مرتبط	4	4
خلاصه	Robust Instrumental Variables estimation extends standard IV and two-stage least squares (2SLS) by guarding against weak-instrument bias and non-standard inference. Methods such as the Anderson-Rubin test, Limited Information Maximum Likelihood (LIML), and the Conditional Likelihood Ratio test provide valid confidence sets and hypothesis tests even when instruments are weak or only partially identified, making IV inference reliable in settings where standard 2SLS breaks down.	Panel data instrumental variables combines the bias-correcting power of instrumental variables (IV) with the within-unit variation exploited by panel data methods. It addresses endogeneity — omitted variables, reverse causation, or measurement error — in longitudinal settings where observations are repeated across units and time. Seminal contributions come from Hausman (1978) on specification testing and Arellano and Bond (1991) on GMM-based panel IV.