مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	تحلیل عملکرد افتراقی آیتم مقاوم (Robust DIF)	مدل راش
حوزه	روان‌سنجی	روان‌سنجی
خانواده	Latent structure	Latent structure
سال پیدایش	1990s–2000s	1960
پدیدآور	Building on DIF work by Cleary & Hilton (1968) and Mantel-Haenszel by Holland & Thayer (1988); robust extensions developed through 1990s–2000s	Georg Rasch
نوع	Item bias / fairness analysis	Item Response Theory / Latent trait model
منبع بنیادین	Magis, D., Beland, S., Tuerlinckx, F., & De Boeck, P. (2011). A general framework and an R package for the detection of dichotomous differential item functioning. Behavior Research Methods, 43(3), 847–862.	Rasch, G. (1960). Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests. Danish Institute for Educational Research, Copenhagen.
نام‌های دیگر	Robust DIF, outlier-resistant DIF detection, robust item bias analysis, DIF with robust estimation	1PL IRT, one-parameter logistic model, Rasch Modeli — 1PL IRT, 1PL model
مرتبط	6	6
خلاصه	Robust differential item functioning analysis detects items that behave differently across demographic groups after matching respondents on the underlying trait, while protecting the procedure against distortion by outliers, model misfit, or contaminated anchor items. It is applied in educational testing, clinical assessment, and survey research to ensure that a scale measures the same construct equally fairly for all groups.	The Rasch model, introduced by Georg Rasch in 1960, is the simplest member of the Item Response Theory (IRT) family. It assigns a single difficulty parameter to each test item and places both item difficulties and person abilities on the same logit scale, enabling direct, sample-independent comparison of items and persons.