مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	مطالعه کوهورت تعدیل‌شده بر اساس ریسک	مطالعه مورد-شاهدی
حوزه	اپیدمیولوژی	اپیدمیولوژی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	Mid–late 20th century (risk-adjusted cohort designs systematized by 1970s–1990s)	1950s (formal methodology); precursors in the 1920s
پدیدآور	Evolution of cohort study methodology; risk adjustment formalized through work of Rothman, Greenland, and others in epidemiology, 20th century	Janet Lane-Claypon (early precursors, 1926); formalized by Brian MacMahon and Jerome Cornfield in the 1950s–1960s
نوع	Observational epidemiological study design with statistical confounding control	Observational analytic study design
منبع بنیادین	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641	Schlesselman, J.J. (1982). Case-Control Studies: Design, Conduct, Analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195027860
نام‌های دیگر	adjusted cohort study, covariate-adjusted cohort, risk-controlled prospective study, propensity-adjusted cohort	case-referent study, case-control design, retrospective case-control, case-control analysis
مرتبط	4	6
خلاصه	A risk-adjusted cohort study is an observational epidemiological design in which a defined group of individuals is followed over time to compare outcomes between exposed and unexposed subgroups, with statistical methods applied to control for measured confounders. Adjustment strategies — including multivariable regression, propensity score matching, inverse probability weighting, or standardization — are used to reduce bias and produce effect estimates that more closely approximate what would be observed in a randomized trial.	A case-control study is a retrospective observational design in which individuals who have developed a disease or outcome of interest (cases) are compared with individuals who have not (controls) to determine whether prior exposure to a putative risk factor differs between the two groups. The primary measure of association is the odds ratio, which approximates the relative risk when the outcome is rare. Case-control studies are especially efficient for investigating rare diseases and generating etiological hypotheses.