مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	مطالعه مورد-شاهدی گذشته‌نگر (Retrospective Case-Control Study)	طراحی مورد-تقاطع: مطالعه همه‌گیرشناسی خود-همسان‌سازی شده برای مواجهات گذرا
حوزه	اپیدمیولوژی	اپیدمیولوژی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1950s–1960s (formal methodology)	1991
پدیدآور	Jerome Cornfield; formalized by Brian MacMahon and others in mid-20th-century epidemiology	Malcolm Maclure
نوع	Observational analytical study	Observational epidemiological study design
منبع بنیادین	Schlesselman, J. J. (1982). Case-Control Studies: Design, Conduct, Analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195029338	Maclure, M. (1991). The case-crossover design: A method for studying transient effects on the risk of acute events. American Journal of Epidemiology, 133(2), 144–153.
نام‌های دیگر	case-control study, retrospective case-referent study, case-referent design, trohoc study	case-crossover study, CCO design, self-matched case study, within-person crossover case study
مرتبط	5	3
خلاصه	A retrospective case-control study identifies individuals who already have an outcome of interest (cases) and a comparable group without it (controls), then looks backward in time using existing records to determine prior exposure to a suspected risk factor. The primary measure of association is the odds ratio. This design is especially efficient for studying rare diseases or outcomes with long latency periods, since the outcome has already occurred before the study begins.	The case-crossover design is an observational epidemiological method that estimates whether a transient exposure triggers an acute event by comparing each case's exposure during a brief hazard window immediately before the event to their own exposure during earlier control periods. Because each person serves as their own control, all stable personal characteristics are automatically adjusted for, making the design especially powerful for studying intermittent exposures and sudden-onset outcomes such as myocardial infarction, stroke, or injury.