مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	پژوهش پیمایشی رابطه‌ای	پژوهش تبیینی
حوزه	طراحی پژوهش	طراحی پژوهش
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	Mid-20th century onward (systematised ~1960s–1990s)	1960s–1980s (codified in behavioral and social science methodology)
پدیدآور	Established in educational and social science research methodology; systematised by Fraenkel & Wallen and others	Formalized by Earl Babbie and Fred Kerlinger among others
نوع	Quantitative non-experimental survey design	Non-experimental quantitative research design
منبع بنیادین	Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2009). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0073525748	Kerlinger, F. N. (1986). Foundations of Behavioral Research (3rd ed.). Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN: 978-0030417559
نام‌های دیگر	correlational survey, associational survey, relationship survey design, relational descriptive survey	analytical research, causal research, explanatory study, explanatory quantitative research
مرتبط	4	5
خلاصه	Relational survey research is a quantitative, non-experimental design that gathers structured self-report data from a sample and examines the statistical associations among two or more variables. Unlike purely descriptive surveys, which only characterise distributions, relational surveys ask whether and how strongly variables co-vary — providing evidence of relationships without manipulating conditions or establishing causation.	Explanatory research is a non-experimental quantitative research design that goes beyond describing a phenomenon to identifying why it occurs — examining the relationships or mechanisms that account for observed patterns. Rooted in positivist social science methodology, it uses theory-driven hypotheses and statistical analysis to test whether specific variables explain variation in an outcome, without necessarily manipulating those variables.