مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	فرا-ثبتِ فرا-قوم‌نگاری (Protocol-based Meta-ethnography)	متا-قوم‌نگاری
حوزه	علم‌سنجی	علم‌سنجی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1988 (meta-ethnography); protocol-based practice formalised 2010s	1988
پدیدآور	Noblit & Hare (meta-ethnography); protocol registration formalised through PROSPERO and eMERGe guidance	George W. Noblit and R. Dwight Hare
نوع	Qualitative evidence synthesis with pre-registered protocol	Qualitative evidence synthesis method
منبع بنیادین	Noblit, G. W., & Hare, R. D. (1988). Meta-Ethnography: Synthesizing Qualitative Studies. Sage. ISBN: 978-0803930742	Noblit, G. W., & Hare, R. D. (1988). Meta-ethnography: Synthesizing qualitative studies. Sage. ISBN: 978-0803930780
نام‌های دیگر	pre-registered meta-ethnography, prospero meta-ethnography, registered qualitative synthesis, protocol-driven meta-ethnography	qualitative meta-synthesis, interpretive synthesis, ethnographic synthesis, meta-ethnographic review
مرتبط	5	4
خلاصه	Protocol-based meta-ethnography is a structured qualitative evidence synthesis that follows Noblit and Hare's meta-ethnography method while requiring a pre-registered, publicly available protocol — typically on PROSPERO — before the review is conducted. Pre-registration constrains post-hoc decision-making, enhances methodological transparency, and aligns qualitative synthesis with the rigour standards now expected by leading journals and funders.	Meta-ethnography is a systematic method for synthesising findings across multiple qualitative studies by comparing and translating the conceptual frameworks and metaphors each study uses. Developed by Noblit and Hare in 1988, it produces a new interpretive account that goes beyond any single study, preserving the richness of qualitative data while generating broader theoretical insights. It is the most influential approach to qualitative evidence synthesis in health, social, and educational research.