مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	فرایند ردیابی (Process Tracing)	تحلیل شرط لازم
حوزه	روان‌سنجی	روان‌سنجی
خانواده	Latent structure	Latent structure
سال پیدایش	2005	2016
پدیدآور	Alexander George, Andrew Bennett	Jan Dul
نوع	Qualitative causal inference	Set-theoretic configurational analysis
منبع بنیادین	Bennett, A., & Checkel, J. T. (Eds.). (2015). Process Tracing: From Metaphor to Analytic Tool. Cambridge University Press.	Dul, J. (2016). Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA): Logic and methodology of "necessary but not sufficient" causality. Organizational Research Methods, 19(1), 10-52.
نام‌های دیگر	—	NCA
مرتبط	5	5
خلاصه	Process Tracing is a qualitative research method developed by George and Bennett (2005) for studying causal mechanisms and causal chains within individual cases. It involves examining the sequence of events and decision-making processes within a case to infer whether a hypothesized causal mechanism actually operated. Process tracing aims to strengthen causal inference in case studies by looking beyond correlation to understand how causes produce effects.	Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA) is a set-theoretic method developed by Dul (2016) that identifies conditions necessary (but not necessarily sufficient) for an outcome to occur. Unlike regression, which estimates average effects, NCA identifies absolute thresholds: conditions that must be present at a certain level for the outcome to be possible, regardless of other factors.