مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	طرح آزمایشی عمل‌گرایانه پیش‌آزمون-پس‌آزمون	طرح آزمایشی پیش‌آزمون-پس‌آزمون
حوزه	طراحی آزمایش	طراحی آزمایش
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1963 (pre-post design); 1967 (pragmatic distinction)	1963 (formalized in Campbell & Stanley)
پدیدآور	Schwartz & Lellouch (pragmatic framing); Campbell & Stanley (pre-post design)	Donald T. Campbell and Julian C. Stanley
نوع	Experimental / quasi-experimental design	Experimental / quasi-experimental research design
منبع بنیادین	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637-648.	Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Rand McNally.
نام‌های دیگر	pragmatic pre-post design, real-world pretest-posttest study, effectiveness pre-post design, pragmatic before-after study	pretest-posttest design, before-after design, pre-post design, two-wave experimental design
مرتبط	5	5
خلاصه	A pragmatic pretest-posttest experimental design combines the before-after measurement structure of the classic pre-post design with the real-world, high-external-validity ethos of pragmatic research. Participants are assessed on relevant outcomes before an intervention is delivered in routine or naturalistic conditions, then re-assessed afterward. The goal is to estimate the effectiveness of the intervention as it actually works in practice rather than under ideal, tightly controlled efficacy conditions.	The pretest-posttest experimental design measures participants on the outcome variable before and after treatment, typically with random assignment to treatment and control groups. The difference between pre- and post-scores isolates the treatment effect from baseline variation, making this one of the most widely used frameworks in experimental and quasi-experimental research across education, psychology, medicine, and the social sciences.