مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	طرح آزمایشی عمل‌گرایانه پیش‌آزمون-پس‌آزمون	آزمایش میدانی عمل‌گرایانه
حوزه	طراحی آزمایش	طراحی آزمایش
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1963 (pre-post design); 1967 (pragmatic distinction)	1967 (pragmatic framing); 2009 (PRECIS tool)
پدیدآور	Schwartz & Lellouch (pragmatic framing); Campbell & Stanley (pre-post design)	Schwartz & Lellouch (pragmatic framing); formalized for practice through PRECIS framework (Thorpe et al.)
نوع	Experimental / quasi-experimental design	Experimental design
منبع بنیادین	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637-648.	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637–648.
نام‌های دیگر	pragmatic pre-post design, real-world pretest-posttest study, effectiveness pre-post design, pragmatic before-after study	pragmatic effectiveness trial, real-world field experiment, effectiveness field trial, practical field study
مرتبط	5	6
خلاصه	A pragmatic pretest-posttest experimental design combines the before-after measurement structure of the classic pre-post design with the real-world, high-external-validity ethos of pragmatic research. Participants are assessed on relevant outcomes before an intervention is delivered in routine or naturalistic conditions, then re-assessed afterward. The goal is to estimate the effectiveness of the intervention as it actually works in practice rather than under ideal, tightly controlled efficacy conditions.	A pragmatic field experiment tests whether an intervention works under real-world, routine conditions rather than under the tightly controlled settings of a laboratory or explanatory trial. It combines the pragmatic trial philosophy — prioritising external validity and decision-relevance — with field experimentation, so findings directly inform policy and practice. The design is positioned toward the pragmatic end of the PRECIS continuum and is widely used in public health, education, agriculture, and behavioral economics.