مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	آزمایش عمل‌گرایانه چند بازو	آزمایش تصادلی کنترل‌شده عمل‌گرایانه
حوزه	طراحی آزمایش	طراحی آزمایش
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1967 (pragmatic trial concept); multi-arm extensions 1990s–2000s	1967
پدیدآور	Schwartz & Lellouch (pragmatic framing); extended to multi-arm settings in clinical and health services research	Daniel Schwartz and Joseph Lellouch
نوع	Experimental design	Experimental design — pragmatic trial
منبع بنیادین	Thorpe, K. E., Zwarenstein, M., Oxman, A. D., Treweek, S., Furberg, C. D., Altman, D. G., ... & Chalkidou, K. (2009). A pragmatic-explanatory continuum indicator summary (PRECIS): a tool to help trial designers. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 62(5), 464-475.	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637–648.
نام‌های دیگر	pragmatic multi-arm trial, multi-arm pragmatic RCT, pragmatic multi-treatment experiment, PMAT	pRCT, pragmatic trial, practical clinical trial, real-world RCT
مرتبط	6	4
خلاصه	A pragmatic multi-arm experiment is an experimental design that simultaneously compares three or more interventions (arms) under real-world conditions rather than tightly controlled laboratory settings. It combines the broad eligibility, flexible delivery, and effectiveness orientation of pragmatic trials with the statistical efficiency of multi-arm structures, allowing researchers to evaluate multiple treatments or treatment variants against each other or a control within a single study, minimizing the resources and time required relative to running separate pairwise trials.	A pragmatic randomized controlled trial (pRCT) tests whether an intervention works under ordinary, real-world conditions — broad eligibility, flexible delivery, and routine care settings. Participants are still randomly assigned to treatment or control, preserving causal inference, but the study is designed to reflect the diversity and variability of actual practice rather than the ideal conditions of an explanatory trial. The defining framework is the PRECIS-2 tool, which maps any RCT along nine pragmatic-to-explanatory dimensions.