مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	آزمایش عملی آزمایشگاهی	آزمایش میدانی
حوزه	طراحی آزمایش	طراحی آزمایش
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1967 (foundational distinction); 2009 (PRECIS operationalization)	1920s–1930s (agriculture); 1990s–2000s (social sciences)
پدیدآور	Schwartz & Lellouch (pragmatic–explanatory distinction); extended by PRECIS framework developers	Formalized by R. A. Fisher (1935); systematized in social sciences by Harrison & List (2004)
نوع	Experimental design philosophy and study type	Experimental design
منبع بنیادین	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637–648.	Harrison, G. W., & List, J. A. (2004). Field experiments. Journal of Economic Literature, 42(4), 1009–1055.
نام‌های دیگر	pragmatic experiment, applied laboratory trial, practice-oriented lab experiment, pragmatic controlled experiment	field trial, natural field experiment, randomized field experiment, field RCT
مرتبط	3	5
خلاصه	A pragmatic laboratory experiment is a controlled study conducted in a laboratory setting that prioritises external validity and real-world applicability over the stringent internal controls characteristic of purely explanatory experiments. Drawing on the pragmatic–explanatory continuum formalised by Schwartz and Lellouch (1967) and later operationalised in the PRECIS framework, it asks whether an intervention works under conditions that approximate actual practice rather than ideal circumstances, making findings directly actionable for decision-makers and practitioners.	A field experiment applies the logic of a randomized controlled trial in a naturally occurring, real-world environment rather than an artificial laboratory. Participants are randomly assigned to treatment and control conditions while going about everyday activities, allowing researchers to estimate causal effects with high internal validity while preserving a level of ecological realism that laboratory settings cannot offer. The design is especially prominent in economics, public health, political science, and development research.