مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	آزمایش میدانی عمل‌گرایانه	آزمایش میدانی
حوزه	طراحی آزمایش	طراحی آزمایش
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1967 (pragmatic framing); 2009 (PRECIS tool)	1920s–1930s (agriculture); 1990s–2000s (social sciences)
پدیدآور	Schwartz & Lellouch (pragmatic framing); formalized for practice through PRECIS framework (Thorpe et al.)	Formalized by R. A. Fisher (1935); systematized in social sciences by Harrison & List (2004)
نوع	Experimental design	Experimental design
منبع بنیادین	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637–648.	Harrison, G. W., & List, J. A. (2004). Field experiments. Journal of Economic Literature, 42(4), 1009–1055.
نام‌های دیگر	pragmatic effectiveness trial, real-world field experiment, effectiveness field trial, practical field study	field trial, natural field experiment, randomized field experiment, field RCT
مرتبط	6	5
خلاصه	A pragmatic field experiment tests whether an intervention works under real-world, routine conditions rather than under the tightly controlled settings of a laboratory or explanatory trial. It combines the pragmatic trial philosophy — prioritising external validity and decision-relevance — with field experimentation, so findings directly inform policy and practice. The design is positioned toward the pragmatic end of the PRECIS continuum and is widely used in public health, education, agriculture, and behavioral economics.	A field experiment applies the logic of a randomized controlled trial in a naturally occurring, real-world environment rather than an artificial laboratory. Participants are randomly assigned to treatment and control conditions while going about everyday activities, allowing researchers to estimate causal effects with high internal validity while preserving a level of ecological realism that laboratory settings cannot offer. The design is especially prominent in economics, public health, political science, and development research.