مقایسهٔ روشها
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| آزمایش میدانی عملگرایانه× | آزمایش میدانی تصادفی خوشهای× | |
|---|---|---|
| حوزه | طراحی آزمایش | طراحی آزمایش |
| خانواده | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| سال پیدایش≠ | 1967 (pragmatic framing); 2009 (PRECIS tool) | 1980s–1990s (formalized methodology) |
| پدیدآور≠ | Schwartz & Lellouch (pragmatic framing); formalized for practice through PRECIS framework (Thorpe et al.) | David M. Murray (group-randomized trials framework); applied broadly in public health and education research |
| نوع≠ | Experimental design | Randomized experimental design |
| منبع بنیادین≠ | Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637–648. DOI ↗ | Murray, D. M. (1998). Design and Analysis of Group-Randomized Trials. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195120424 |
| نامهای دیگر | pragmatic effectiveness trial, real-world field experiment, effectiveness field trial, practical field study | CRFE, cluster-randomized trial in the field, group-randomized field experiment, community-randomized field experiment |
| مرتبط≠ | 6 | 4 |
| خلاصه≠ | A pragmatic field experiment tests whether an intervention works under real-world, routine conditions rather than under the tightly controlled settings of a laboratory or explanatory trial. It combines the pragmatic trial philosophy — prioritising external validity and decision-relevance — with field experimentation, so findings directly inform policy and practice. The design is positioned toward the pragmatic end of the PRECIS continuum and is widely used in public health, education, agriculture, and behavioral economics. | A cluster randomized field experiment (CRFE) assigns intact groups — schools, villages, clinics, workplaces — rather than individuals to treatment or control conditions, and the experiment is conducted in real-world settings rather than a laboratory. Randomization at the group level controls for contamination between conditions while preserving the ecological validity of the natural environment. It is the dominant design for evaluating community-level, school-based, or workplace interventions in public health, education policy, and development economics. |
| ScholarGateمجموعهداده ↗ |
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