مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	مطالعه اپیدمیولوژیک مقطعی عملگرایانه	مطالعه اکولوژیک
حوزه	اپیدمیولوژی	اپیدمیولوژی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	Mid-20th century onwards; pragmatic framing prominent from 1967	19th century (Snow 1854); formalised mid-20th century
پدیدآور	Classical epidemiology tradition; pragmatic framing refined by Schwartz & Lellouch (1967) and subsequent real-world evidence literature	Various; foundational work by John Snow (1854) and systematised in modern form by Brian MacMahon and colleagues
نوع	Observational epidemiological design	Observational epidemiological study
منبع بنیادین	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641	Morgenstern, H. (1995). Ecologic studies in epidemiology: concepts, principles, and methods. Annual Review of Public Health, 16(1), 61–81.
نام‌های دیگر	pragmatic cross-sectional survey, real-world cross-sectional study, observational cross-sectional study, prevalence survey	aggregate study, correlational study, ecological correlation study, population-level study
مرتبط	4	5
خلاصه	A pragmatic cross-sectional epidemiological study measures the prevalence of exposures, outcomes, and risk factors in a defined population at a single point in time, conducted under real-world conditions rather than tightly controlled experimental settings. It provides a snapshot of the health status of a community or patient group, making it one of the most widely used designs for surveillance, needs assessment, and hypothesis generation in clinical and public-health epidemiology.	An ecological study is an observational epidemiological design in which the unit of analysis is a group or population — a country, region, city, or time period — rather than an individual. Exposures and outcomes are measured as aggregates (rates, proportions, or means) and then correlated across groups to generate or evaluate hypotheses about population-level associations between risk factors and disease.