مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	طراحی آزمایشی گروه کنترل عمل‌گرایانه	طرح آزمایشی پیش‌آزمون-پس‌آزمون
حوزه	طراحی آزمایش	طراحی آزمایش
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1967 (seminal distinction); 2009 (PRECIS operationalization)	1963 (formalized in Campbell & Stanley)
پدیدآور	Schwartz & Lellouch (pragmatic vs explanatory distinction); extended by PRECIS framework (Thorpe et al.)	Donald T. Campbell and Julian C. Stanley
نوع	Experimental design (pragmatic variant)	Experimental / quasi-experimental research design
منبع بنیادین	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637–648.	Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Rand McNally.
نام‌های دیگر	pragmatic controlled trial, effectiveness trial with control group, real-world control group design, pragmatic comparative design	pretest-posttest design, before-after design, pre-post design, two-wave experimental design
مرتبط	6	5
خلاصه	A pragmatic control group experimental design tests whether an intervention works under routine, real-world conditions by comparing it against a control condition — typically usual care or an active comparator — rather than a tightly controlled placebo. It prioritises external validity and applicability over the internal purity of an explanatory efficacy trial, asking whether an intervention makes a meaningful difference to people as they are actually treated in practice.	The pretest-posttest experimental design measures participants on the outcome variable before and after treatment, typically with random assignment to treatment and control groups. The difference between pre- and post-scores isolates the treatment effect from baseline variation, making this one of the most widely used frameworks in experimental and quasi-experimental research across education, psychology, medicine, and the social sciences.