مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	مجموعه موارد عمل‌گرایانه	مجموعه موارد - مطالعه مشاهده‌ای توصیفی
حوزه	اپیدمیولوژی	اپیدمیولوژی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	Pragmatic framing formalized 1967; case series practice predates 20th century	Longstanding; systematized in 20th century clinical research
پدیدآور	Pragmatic framework: Schwartz & Lellouch (1967); case series design: longstanding clinical tradition	Historical clinical practice; formalized in modern evidence-based medicine literature
نوع	Observational descriptive study	Observational descriptive study
منبع بنیادین	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637–648.	Case series. Wikipedia.
نام‌های دیگر	real-world case series, pragmatic observational case series, practice-based case series	case series report, clinical case series, consecutive case series, patient series
مرتبط	5	5
خلاصه	A pragmatic case series is an observational study that documents consecutive or purposively selected patients receiving a clinical intervention or presenting with a condition under routine, real-world practice conditions — without randomization, a control group, or the highly controlled eligibility criteria characteristic of explanatory trials. It is used to describe treatment patterns, outcomes, and adverse events as they occur in everyday clinical settings.	A case series is a descriptive observational study that documents the characteristics, clinical course, and outcomes of a group of patients who share a common condition, exposure, or intervention. Unlike case reports, which focus on a single patient, a case series aggregates data across multiple patients (typically three or more) to identify patterns, generate hypotheses, and characterize rare or novel conditions — without a concurrent control group.