مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	مطالعه مورد-شاهدی عمل‌گرایانه	مطالعه مورد-شاهدی
حوزه	اپیدمیولوژی	اپیدمیولوژی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1950s–1960s (classical); pragmatic framing 1967–2000s	1950s (formal methodology); precursors in the 1920s
پدیدآور	Evolved from classical case-control methodology (Dorn, 1954; Cornfield, 1956); pragmatic framing formalized by Schwartz & Lellouch (1967)	Janet Lane-Claypon (early precursors, 1926); formalized by Brian MacMahon and Jerome Cornfield in the 1950s–1960s
نوع	Observational epidemiological study design	Observational analytic study design
منبع بنیادین	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641	Schlesselman, J.J. (1982). Case-Control Studies: Design, Conduct, Analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195027860
نام‌های دیگر	real-world case-control study, pragmatic case-control design, effectiveness case-control study, PCCS	case-referent study, case-control design, retrospective case-control, case-control analysis
مرتبط	6	6
خلاصه	A pragmatic case-control study is an observational design that compares individuals who have developed a disease or outcome (cases) with those who have not (controls), using data collected under routine real-world conditions rather than strictly controlled experimental settings. Exposure histories are reconstructed from clinical records, registries, or administrative databases. The design is chosen when a conventional explanatory case-control study would be impractical, unethical, or too narrow to inform actual clinical or public-health decisions.	A case-control study is a retrospective observational design in which individuals who have developed a disease or outcome of interest (cases) are compared with individuals who have not (controls) to determine whether prior exposure to a putative risk factor differs between the two groups. The primary measure of association is the odds ratio, which approximates the relative risk when the outcome is rare. Case-control studies are especially efficient for investigating rare diseases and generating etiological hypotheses.