مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	آزمایش تطبیقی عمل‌گرایانه	کارآزمایی تصادفی خوشه‌ای
حوزه	طراحی آزمایش	پژوهش بالینی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	2000s–2010s (convergence period)	1999-2000
پدیدآور	Synthesized from pragmatic trial tradition (Schwartz & Lellouch, 1967) and adaptive design methodology; formalized convergence in 2000s–2010s	Campbell, Grimshaw, Elbourne et al.
نوع	Hybrid experimental design	Research Design
منبع بنیادین	Pallmann, P., Bedding, A. W., Choodari-Oskooei, B., Dimairo, M., Flight, L., Hampson, L. V., ... & Sydes, M. R. (2018). Adaptive designs in clinical trials: why use them, and how to run and report them. BMC Medicine, 16(1), 29.	Campbell, M. K., Grimshaw, J. M., & Elbourne, D. R. (2000). Intracluster correlation coefficients in cluster randomized trials: empirical insights into how should they be reported. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 4, 30.
نام‌های دیگر	pragmatic adaptive trial, real-world adaptive trial, PAT, adaptive pragmatic RCT	CRT, cluster RCT, cluster trial, group randomization
مرتبط	3	3
خلاصه	A pragmatic adaptive experiment is a hybrid clinical trial design that combines the real-world generalizability of pragmatic trials with the statistical flexibility of adaptive designs. It enrolls a broad, representative patient population under routine care conditions, while using pre-specified interim analyses to modify trial parameters — such as sample size, allocation ratios, or arm selection — as outcome data accumulate. The result is a design that is both externally valid and resource-efficient.	A cluster randomized trial (CRT) randomizes intact groups—schools, clinics, villages, or hospital wards—rather than individuals. Developed by Campbell, Grimshaw, and colleagues in the late 1990s to address real-world settings where intervention delivery or contamination occurs at the group level, CRTs are now standard for evaluating population-level, community-based, and policy interventions.