مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	مدل رایش چند مقوله ای	نظریه پاسخ به سنجش (IRT)
حوزه	روان‌سنجی	روان‌سنجی
خانواده	Latent structure	Latent structure
سال پیدایش	1978–1982	1952–1968
پدیدآور	Gerhard N. Masters (Partial Credit Model); David Andrich (Rating Scale Model)	Frederic M. Lord (and Allan Birnbaum for the 2PL/3PL models)
نوع	Item response model	Probabilistic measurement model
منبع بنیادین	Masters, G. N. (1982). A Rasch model for partial credit scoring. Psychometrika, 47(2), 149–174.	Lord, F. M. & Novick, M. R. (1968). Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores. Addison-Wesley.
نام‌های دیگر	PRM, Rating Scale Model, Partial Credit Model, Polytomous IRT Rasch	IRT, latent trait theory, item characteristic curve theory, modern test theory
مرتبط	6	5
خلاصه	The Polytomous Rasch Model extends the dichotomous Rasch framework to ordered response scales with three or more categories, such as Likert items or partial-credit tasks. It estimates person ability and item difficulty on the same interval-level logit scale, and it tests whether the response categories function as intended — prerequisites for rigorous ordinal measurement.	Item response theory models the probability that a respondent answers an item correctly (or endorses it) as a function of the respondent's latent trait level and the item's own statistical properties — difficulty, discrimination, and guessing. Unlike classical test theory, IRT places persons and items on the same scale, yielding measurement that is sample-independent for items and test-independent for persons.