مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	روش کنترل ترکیبی برای ارزیابی سیاست	روش متغیرهای ابزاری (IV) برای استنتاج علی
حوزه	استنتاج علّی	اقتصاد سلامت
خانواده	Regression model	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	2003-2010	1990s (modern applications)
پدیدآور	Alberto Abadie & Javier Gardeazabal; extended by Abadie, Diamond & Hainmueller	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory
نوع	Causal inference / comparative case study	Method
منبع بنیادین	Abadie, A., Diamond, A., & Hainmueller, J. (2010). Synthetic Control Methods for Comparative Case Studies: Estimating the Effect of California's Tobacco Control Program. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 105(490), 493-505.	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
نام‌های دیگر	Synthetic Control Method, SCM, Synthetic Control, Abadie-Diamond-Hainmueller method	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation
مرتبط	5	3
خلاصه	The Synthetic Control Method (SCM) is a causal inference technique for evaluating the effect of a policy or intervention on a single treated unit — such as a region, country, or firm — by constructing a weighted combination of untreated comparison units that closely mirrors the treated unit before the intervention. Introduced by Abadie and Gardeazabal (2003) and formalized by Abadie, Diamond, and Hainmueller (2010), it provides a data-driven, transparent counterfactual for comparative case studies.	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.